Travis County Commissioners Court
April 22, 2008
Item 4
Number 4 is to consider and take appropriate action on report made by the city of Austin Travis County reentry round table concerning employment of exoffenders. A, Austin Travis County reentry round table report. B, guidelines for hiring exoffenders, and c, revision to Travis County employment application to remove questions related to an applicant's cril nal history--criminal history.
>> we're expecting someone else in a few moments. Good morning. Alisa perez is the executive important the roger jeffreys, executive manager for public safety for the county. We have joining us linda more smith, the director of human resources for Travis County. To my right is dar la gray and penny ray field who represent the Austin Travis County reentry round table who offered these recommendations and who worked with the county back in 2007. And we're anticipating district attorney earl in had a few moments to speak on this their behalf as well. We're here to present the responses to the recommendations made by the you a strin Travis County reentry round table regarding enhancing employment opportunities for exoffenders which is part of this response includes presenting represented guidelines to the president to the adopt for hiring exoffenders and presentinging a proposal to remove the disclosure of the criminal history to the application latener the hiring process. First of all we'd like to acknowledge the work of the reentry round table on give them an opportunity the speak to this proposal.
>> good morning, I’m pen yeah refield and I’m the planning council chair for the onstin Travis County reentry round table. Jeave--briefly this morning, and Commissioners, I want to thank youer for your consideration of the recommendations from the committee. I think the committee understands the important role that law enforcement plays in our community and we hope that as part of this process, that they will begin to also understand that if we will implement smart, effective reentry policies, that it will indeed increase our public safety even more. So for this opportunity. We're here this morning to support you publicly and answer any questions that you may have.
>> I’d like to acknowledge on this court, judge, has been a long haul with this. You know ant public knows that we have been strug well a situation where by we are looking for ways to hire former offenders as far as them being in--incarcerated and have a criminal record. It's really been a deterrent for employment opportunities. Sometime ago looking at the criminal justice center, that situation going before the graduating classes out there and looking at those type of jobs where by hose particular persons will have an opportunity to have employment. But there were a lot of barriers with this. I think this court, I think the members of the court, the judge has worked hard, all of us have really worked hard on this initiative. Having you here before us now is a clear signal that we are wanting to do something about this. The gateway program, the other program out will at the criminal justice complex, one of the instruments, one of the programs made available. But then the question came, well, the problem is that we have persons that look at our application and look at the things that we are trying to get as far as employment, first thing they see is the questions that indicate criminal activity that's on the application. Once that happens, there goes the application. Toss it. Not even looked at thoroughly. And the person needs employment. Just recently again, and this has happened to me on more than one on case. --occasion. I can count the number of times where the person asked the question, listen, I have committed a criminal offense. I like to turn my life around. But when it comes to employment opportunity, no one wants to give me a job. Those are the struggles that we have had. Thank goodness for the creation of this reentry round table along with other things. Of course, ask me personally at the gas pumps and everything else, Commissioner, I need a job. Can you help me? Can you help me?. And this is, this process and what we are going through I think is a to some of these person's cry for employment in the community. Travis County, the judge and all of us here have stated over and over again, why should we impose on anyone else to hire any of the former offensers here in eight, --in Travis County, and we won't do it. I think we have to lead by example on a very tough issue but an issue that must be addressed because I think it's the right thing to do. And these folks need opportunities to work and not be locked up in the criminal institutions where they cost us 45, 55 a day. They need employment, they are willing to work. So I’m excite a lot of this. I’m not going to find fault as far as overriding the things you've got to say. But I just think somewhere in this process Travis County taking a lead on doing something like this, and there's other things in the nation doing some of the stuff part of it is the answer to a lot of these person's request for employment so they can lead and conduct a life where it's not in the criminal realm of things, something very positive. So I’m excited about this. I don't mean to steal you're thunder, I’m not trying to steal your thunder. I’m just want to go let you know how involved, how I feel about it. It's very touching to me. I have to say what I have to say. Thank you all. I just have to say what I have to say. Thank you.
>> I’ve been searching for 31 years for way to make my job easier. It's obvious to anybody who has any familiarity with the criminal justice system that if all we do is put people in prison and put people in jail for particular periods of time, that we're not solving the problem. And so to solve the problem, what you have done this morning in the effort to ban the box is a huge step towards solving the problem. Because research shows that 40 percent of offenders who go to prison were either unemployed at the time or marginal employed at the time of their arrest. Mow, if we want them to stay out of prison. It's one thing to put them in, and we got a great police department got a grace sheriffs officer, great district attorney's office, really good at putting people in prison. Really good at that. The problem is they all come back. They come back. Generally speaking, they come back better criminals than they were when they left. And so, what this is going to allow us to do is conduct an intervention that might succeed in changing behavior, which is, after all, the goal here. What we are trying to do is cutback on victimization. About the third time that I had to talk to a victim who was crying in my office many many years ago and tell her that the guy that committed the crime against her and her family was going to be thought about five years, and nothing has going to change except he is going to learn how to be a better crook and not be so easy catch next time. I figured had a we --that we weren't doing what we needd to do to solve the problem. I congratulate the court on its interest in the reentry round table. By the way, the reentry round table is pled --predicated on the idea they all do come back. So how roo we going to solve the problem. We get together all these entities. You probably know the various offices and individuals, nonprofits that are involved in the reentry round table. It's like a who is who of behavior change in our community. All the ent the tis that--entities that have anything to do about behavior are pretty well represented in if the reentry round table. What this rents is a victory of a collaboration between the reentry round table which is itself a collaboration, and the county. And I think the ultimate recipients and beneficiaries of the effort that the court is taking today will be the people of Travis County. We already have somewhere around the third lowest crime rate in the country for a city our size, the size of Austin. And that is a direct result of he's --these kinds of collaborations it's no accident. It's a direct result of us getting together and saying how can we solve this problem. What are you doing to screw things up and what are you doing to screw things up and how are you making things better and how can we all make things better together. And we've been doing that now more many man years and the proof of the pudding is in the safety with which we can walk the streets. But we can do a lot better job. That's what the court is taking a huge step toward today. Thank youthank you.
>> .
>> thank you. In a we have a report from the reentry round table.
>> yes, sir. The report is the recommendations made by the round table and the status of the county's response today. Linda Moore smith is going to crazy this.
>> what I thought I might do is primarily highlight of the activities that actually your hr department has undertaken to execute some of the recommendations that have been presented by the round table. One of the things that I’d like to preface my comments with is, I don't think there's any greater experience that a professional can have than to take an idea that is this worth from the concept to the dedication and commitment of all the individuals involved to actually execute in terms of implementing many of the recommendations that have been submitted before you as a court of the one of the opportunities that we took as a department in working with the various stakeholders was to take a look at exact lay are we doing within our hiring practices within Travis County to appeal to the exoffender population. What we found is that quite a bit is going on and was going on. But there create add opportunity to even enhance and refine many of the processes that we currently have in place. One of the things we started with initially was to actually conduct a survey, which was one of the recommendations to collect data, to get some information on the current status of what exactly are we doing. We had meetings here in the courtroom, survey was executed by the criminal justice planning office, data was collected, department heads is shared with us what they were doing and how they felt that we could enhance those efforts. In addition we began to look at the employment verification process, the criminal background checks done now for positions that require those checks. What we found is we had an opportunity to actually enhance and centralize our background check process within the hr department. We do and have been doing the background checks on nonlaw enforcement positions and we rear had a to the point where we are moving forward to doing employment verification counseling with the department to ask us to conduct the background checks. What's important to us in this particular initiative is that has hiring managers consider applicants, they look at the age of the offense, how serious it was. Many times the offenses have nothing do with the quality of the individual, skills and ability to perform the job. The counseling is set up in the department. We will be executing that along with hiring guidelines and other tools that both roger and alisi a will share with you shortly. Training is being developed as well as a jar for hiring managers and supervisors on how it is that we integrate exoffenders into our work environment to ensure success, and also how managers and supervisors can better, in fact, be aware and sensitive the to the particular needs. Not just of this population but integrating all new employees into the various work environments. We will continue to participate in hiring fairs. We have been doing that all along with the Texas state jail. What we recognize that the exoffenders are indeed a valuable labor source for us. That's not a force within particular areas but all up and down the various positions that we have within Travis County. Those are the general infrastructure changes that we're hoping to make with your approval today. Certainly would respond to any particular recommendations that you would want us to respond to that are noted in the round table document.
>> move that we accept the report.
>> second.
>> that we, which is basically to receive the report, accept the recommendations from h had rmd, with the ing that some of these are specific prompts that we will need to address in greater detail in the future. That's the motion.
>> second.
>> discussion? All in favor. That passes by unanimous vote. B, guidelines for hiring exoffenders.
>> again, response to to several of the recommendations. It was recommended in general that the guidelines be developed for hiring of exoffenders for the county. Page 6 in your package outlines those guidelines. Briefly, the Travis County reads, the court seeks to promote the successful reintegration of exoffenders by gaining moment. Recognizing qualified individuals may be eliminated due to criminal history disclosure up front on the county application, the has delayed requesting information regarding criminal history until latener the employment application process. All applicants including those with criminal background are encouraged to apply if qualified . Some positions will require criminal background correct. If the applicant is selected, he or she will be notified if a criminal background check is required and given the option to proceed. For those positions a criminal history does not necessarily disqualified an applicant from being considered. Circumstances such as length of time since offense, seriousness of offense, frequency and other mitigating factors may be considered. Some positions in the county a criminal background check is required and this restriction will be noted in the job posting announcement. Then on page 7 following the proposed guidelines, by the way, the language of the guidelines would also form the basis of a brochure to be developed to be handed out by the hr folks. The following on page 7 is a diagram of how the hiring process would work with these new guidelines. If you have some questions on that, I’d be glad to take those.
>> move approval of the policy guidelines.
>> I guess we should note there are state and federal requirements that we have to meet. These guidelines will not apply to all positions but to some.
>> correct.
>> but we will be able to indicate which ones guidelines apply to and which ones have other standards. The other thing, we know the guidelines are not self implementing. Whether or not good results happen really depends on our actions. So I think that in addition to approving this, assuming we vote for it, we really ought to commit to improve results in Travis County. After we have done that or while we are working on that we ought to touch base with the other public entities and encourage them to do the same thing. At some point, work our way towards the private sector. The other thing, there are tens of thousands of exoffenders in our community. Whether we like it or not. Probation uses the figure 25,000. Right? Then you are talking about payroll ees, those sentenced to county time. Historically our application has asked have you been convicted of any offense, which would cover felonies, misdemeanor, et cetera. So it's the blanket requirement that we are trying to eliminate and give exoffenders with skills and opportunity to show that they can perform the required work. A whole lot of them really ought to be given other opportunities. The other thing, then I’ll be quiet, if you are an exoffenders who cannot get a job because of that status, what it means is that we subsidize you. Unfortunately, exoffenders are just like the rest of the population. They have loved ones and depend . If her not caring for themselves, they cannot care for them their dependents. There is a multiple hit on the social services network. So part of this is being selfish. The other part is really being smart. All of that convinces me that this is the right move important to us take at this time. We really ought to commit to produce the best results possible.
>> judge, those are very excellent points that you just brought up. In addition to that, there is, according to backup, there are entities already involved in such programs. Not here in the state of Texas, of course. I think we are probably the first in the state of Texas to, if the court decides do this today, to go forward with such a program. It's my understanding that in boston, chicago oakland, for example, have similar type programs. As we go through this process, and the judge hit on some good point, I think it would be good to reveal what the overall wrap around impact, the wrap around impact will actually ends up being. I brought up being the incarceration, for example, of repeat offend and the district attorney brought some point you were, the whole intent is to ensure that folks don't come back and visit us again. That is port of the objecttive again. But the overall wrap around impact I think is something that we need to really analyze and look at this. I think the judge laid it out very thorough, the wrap around impact as far as the services and all those things that he just mentioned. So it's a big deal because it has a big impact by affecting that particular offender, the wrap around impact is something that we can measure. So thank you.
>> may I pile on for a moment.
>> certainly.
>> why not, right? Our incarceration rate in Travis County currently for the adult population in state prison or county jail is one in 86 people in Travis County. One in every 86 of your neighbors is in jail at the state or county level. We can't afford on a multiple level to throw these folks away. They are our neighbors, they will be back in our community. I think by us banning the box and couple that with meaningful workforce development and vocational training will go a long way. Recommendation 8 of the reentry round table suggestions includes developing data collection strategis and performance measures around hiring practices and policies so that we can see what the impact s I would suggest the impact we are looking for is a lower incarceration rate and a lower reside --recidivism rate and higher rate for all member of the community whether exoffenders or not. The statistics are really enlightening. 27 percent of offenders in our county jail are in for drug offenses, another 20 percent in for alcohol related offenses. We don't know with certainly the employment status of those individuals but at least at the national level, we know from national statistics that about 60 percent of jail inmates had a personal income of a thousand or less in the two months before they were incarcerated and 14 percent of them were homeless. This is what we are trying to address with this. This is not about padding the way for exoffenders. This is about making sure that we have both a safe and secure and productive community. We will not have a productive if we are throwing away at the minimum statistics, 1.2 percent of our population. And that's not including those on probation and parole. We cannot afford to throw away 1.2 percent of our population, on multiple levels.
>> amen.
>> I’m ready to vote.
>> I’ve got a couple of points to make before I vote.
>> okay.
>> are there any past offenses that you might have that would absolutely create a situation where you would not, you needn't apply.
>> if you turn to page 8, Commissioner, under important note, for those positions that have a criminal background restriction, by law or by nature, of the position, the requirement, and those who work with children, the elderly and other sensitive areas, the requirement that applicants must pass a criminal background check will be noted in the vacancy announcement. As the judge mentioned, there are, we have been working with cegis and other state and federal laws, the state we're most familiar with, that would prohibit us hiring someone for sensitive job in a computer related area. So there are certain jobs that would restrict us hiring individuals with certain criminal backgrounds.
>> I’ve learned that if you can't put something on a bumper sticker, beware of it. What I don't want is taken the wrong way. I can just see potentially what the media can do with this. I liken it to when I thought that I made a very innocent vote on bariatric surgery, only to find out that afternoon that the talk shows, that people went absolutely crazy over doing something that we thought that we were doing for the right reason. I don't think there's any question that there are many people that have been locked up that absolutely need another chance. I mean, certainly given the fact that there are a number of people that get locked up, a lot of people would say, you got locked up for that? That's pretty crazy. And I’m very supportive of trying to help folks like that. But I also don't want us to be in the headlines, if you have ever been locked up and you can't get a job somewhere, move to Austin. That's one of the things you hear about why you can't get pan handling over the streets. Because people say go to Austin, Texas, because they will take you and deal with you. I mean, I don't think that's what this program is about and I want on make sure that's not what we are putting out. I hope that the media doesn't take these headlines and bends and twists. A lot of people just look at the headlines. Before you know it, somebody has said, why did you do that. I think we're all doing this for the right reason. I mean, clearly I intend to vote for it because I think that it's the right thing to do. But I really don't want media to take this the wrong way. We all know that that can happen. None of us want to have a microphone put in front of us and said, well, did you just open the door to the country to say this is where you need to go because Travis County is embracing that. I mean, obviously, I want you to feel like you can apply for a job here if you haven't had an offense. Point I’m making is that I really want us to make sure that we're doing this for the right reason, which I think that we are. But I really want the media to understand that we're doing this for the right reason.
>> Commissioner, I hear what you are saying and I agree with what you are saying. But you know, it goes back to when this first started coming into fruition and coming and surfacing as it has, the issue of how do we deal with employment of hiring exoffenders. And what we decided to do, we're doing. But how can we encourage anyone else to do and hire exoffender if Travis County doesn't take the lead? I think right now the private sector, along with the city of Austin all of the other, the state of Texas, and the list goes on and on, to accept the challenge that we as Travis County has taken a lead on. Right now I just feel that we are probably a step in that direction. And we should be because it started from here. How can we ask anybody else to participate if we won't. That goes to the problem and also other public sectors that have not embraced this program as we have tried to go forward now. So I think it's a lot of room available with other hiring entities, both private and also public, that can embrace this and move forward in hiring some folks so we can turn this --this situation around.
>> to linda Moore smith we integrating these folks into our job force. And we're going to evaluate them just like we evaluate all of our other employees. So that's part of the training that take place, right? They are going to be offering a public service to our taxpayers just like the current force does. Except now we remove the box and there's an integration that will take place. So that kind of raises a little bit of a question for me, judge, that if they work for elected off officials or appointed, they won't be at will.
>> the elected officials have the point to make their call. Those that work for the Commissioners court will be more bound to follow our directive.
>> (speaking the a once)
>> seems to me the if we want to integrate these employees throughout the county, we understand we are taking an extra step to provide training both for the managers and the employees, and understanding how to keep a job, just like the process that we put other employees through. And not just automatically say, well you didn't work out, bye.
>> but also to point out that exoffenders, we have exoffenders would are current employees of Travis County.
>> sure.
>> and they are at all different levels.
>> of course.
>> of management experience and--
>> I understand.
>> that's the comment that I wanted to make in preparing for this item today. We pulled the number of background checks that we completed in '07. Of 127 background checks that were conducted for positions that required that level of check, we had 35 of the 127 individuals with records, and we hired 21 of that 35.
>> okay.
>> so with that, those are the efforts from, that have already been underway in term of what we have been doing in bringing exoffenders in. One of the important aspects, I think, of what you are speaking to, Commissioner Gomez, is that by recommending that the box be removed from the application, that allows individuals of course, with criminal background, without criminal backgrounds, the one application will apply to everyone. But what's happening now with that box is if a person has a criminal background, there's a greater tendency for the individual to self, deselect, to not employ at all, thinking they would not have that opportunity. Or for even individuals to be screened for purposes other than their skills and knowledge to do the job that they are applying or would be interested for. So that's the advantage of the box being removed. Then later in the process, if a position requires that kind of background, the background check, that would be completed at that time.
>> okay.
>> if they make it to that point.
>> do we have a motion?
>> yes.
>> anymore decision? All in favor. That passes by unanimous vote. By the way, the reference to media did not go to those in the courtroom today. Media is not here.
>> no, it did.
>> (laughter.)
>> it absolutely did.
>> your honor, may I make a suggestion along the lines of Commissioner Daugherty's request to the media that the lead in the description of the action taken by this court this morning could be that Travis County moves to make community safer. I don't know of any single thing that this court or the city council or any other body could do, though more guns, no more guards, no more prisoners, no more cells, nothing that I could imagine would be more effective in making our streets safer than the action that you all have taken this morning. And that really ought to the lead.
>> I hope it will be.
>> that's why I move approval of c, which is to revise our application.
>> second.
>> to remove the question. What that means is that appropriate questions can be asked latener the hiring process.
>> judge, I will refer you to page 10-14 which is the actual application that we currently use. On page 14, outlined in red, is the part that will be removed. Where the question is initially asked, have you ever been convicted of any crime other than a minor traffic violation, that will no longer appear on the application. If indeed a job requires on criminal background, then later in the process the department will ask for the background check. The job application, if it requires a criminal background, will also clearly be stated on there, on all the announcements, that a criminal background check is required. Therefore, as you all have stated, it provides an opportunity to individuals for gainful employment. And we were very key on that term, gainful employment, for the purpose of integration and reducing recidivism. That is a common goal for all our community.
>> let me ask the question. The current application has this box associated with it as far as the application process. If the court ends up supporting c of this item, how long will it take us to remove that actual box from the application as it exists today? In other words, there will be a new application that we have to be looking at.
>> they are ready now. We are waiting.
>> are you ready now?
>> immediately.
>> we are ready.
>> you all are anticipating that we are going to support this. That's a good move.
>> intern thely, printing and coping, we would say we could be fully applicationel by Monday.
>> by Monday.
>> by Monday.
>> that's good news. The reason why I ask this question, when I go back to the east side, I know that there are some folks that I see as I walk around and stuff like that, they talk to me, and I will be able to say if the court approves this go on down and apply. That box will be removed if the court votes to support this morning on c of this particular itemCommissionerer Davis, let me just add that immediately, immediately, with the court's action, we can x the boxes that are in the hr receptionist area. Any callers that might come, we would x the boxes off the application until the actual ones are replace.
>> we can x that out right now.
>> they don't have to wait until Monday then.
>> so linda, tell me. If you come and fill out our application for janitorial, and you are an exoffender where you have raped someone, where do you find that information? Somebody says, okay, you qualified for the first thing. Second thing is, you're going to be left in this building in the evening. There are people that work late. What happens? Is there a place where you would have to divulge that kind of, you're going to get asked that question.
>> yes.
>> at some point in time.
>> absolutely. Let me very quickly share with you where. When a department has a position that they submit the position to hr to post the vacancy, we have also modified the vacancy announcement request that comes to us from the dep. We have added on that request a box that the department will say this is a position, custodian, that works in a highly secure area or whatever the conditions are, that would require a criminal background check. When we post that position, that will be noted on the job posting. So if you are one who has that type of offense on your record, you then may choose to not make application at all, or you may say that I have an offense, not rape, but something that happens many many years ago, has no relevance to what I would be able, whether I would be able to do the job of the and yes, do my background check. So you might would apply. What would happen then is that the department would actually screen the applications that would come in, and then not at that point but once the individuals may be selected in the second round of interviews, you screen your applications, at that time the individual will be notified that a criminal background check, of course, will be conducted and actually sign a release for us to conduct that background check. So it maintains the integrity of the individuals. It's sort of a need to know whether or not, and it's not as if your background information is floating everywhere. But it is done based on the nature of the position and what's required of that job in terms of the security for the person to be working.
>> we're not doing this saying we don't want to know that about you.
>> no, absolutely not.
>> and I knew the answer to that.
>> the risk factor consider.
>> since we are being, since we are going to probably be on television and somebody is going to write about this. Let's get these questions out. None of us want to have to answer those things.
>> we have plenty of lawyers who will make absolutely positive that we don't fail to check a background check where someone would be in danger.
>> that's built into the process.
>> we are not unmind fully willie nilly going to ignore people's criminal background. Addition el, if something comes up, I would imagine if it's a close case, you can make an argument that the criminal background has relevance to the job or doesn't, then it's the manager's call the hiringville individual's call whether to hire or not. We are not saying that you must hire a person irrespective of their criminal background.
>> right.
>> one must look at the nature crime, the severity, other factors, how long ago was it, was it 20 years, was it one year, was it two. So those sorts of things and issues will be raise to hr and we always consult with the county attorney on any of those sensitive issues. So we do our due diligence. None of us, many of us work in these buildings at night, and we want to make sure that we're all safe. As mr. Earl said, probably the best way to do that is to integrate and reduce recidivism and provide opportunities for gainful employment.
>> the heaviy percentage of the convictions were for dw istand drug possession--dwi and drug possession.
>> by the statistics provided to us by criminal justice planning, it accounts for roughly 37 percent of our Travis County jail population is on drug offenses and alcohol related offenses. Sorry, more than that. It's 47 percent.
>> I don't know why we wount ask what have you done to turn your life around.
>> that's a policy evaluation services.
>> so we are just, we're unlocking the door but not throwing it wide open.
>> that's correct.
>> in the past the whole concept of punishment was that the penitentiary, it came from the word pen tent. You pay your time and are therefore redeemed and there's a redemption factor. You're invited back into the community as somebody who has paid their debt and thus gone through a redemption process. So I think what this is in many ways is return to more traditional view of the criminal justice process.
>> the probation and parole offices ought to thank us. The piers thing they tell the exoffend iffer is get you a job. If you get a job, I’ll see you again right back down here. This is exciting stuff, Commissioners. Anymore discussion?
>> I think it's great.
>> if it produces unforeseeable negative consequences, we'll have the da to blame after December 31.
>> laugh laugh.
>> all in favor. That passes by unanimous vote.
>> (applause)
>> I want to thank all of y'all. It's been a long hard struggle. I think we are opening the door. I have some good news to tell folks of.
>> quite a few residents came down and we didn't give you a chance to saying anything. If you just must give comments, this is your opportunity.
>> thank you.
>> thanks for coming down.
>> I have one thing I’d like to say.
>> come forward. Come forward and giver us your name. We'd be happy to get your comments. Commissioner Davis says your brief comments.
>> I’ll be brief. My name is latrice cool. I’ve been here before. I can tell you that this is a grand day for me. I am excited at the progressiveness of this court, the thought process and the ideal of true redemption . I think this is stellar. I think this is a definite day that people that we have served at melsch can be excited about. And I am proud of this court, and I am just honored that you all have taken this step. This is a they paren --tremendous step. The state of Texas, this is tremendous. Commissioner Davis, Commissioner eckhardt, all of y'all, you're doing a phenomenal job. I personally am speaking on that population's behalf and telling you, thank you. I’m glad to see even charlie baird, start to go take take progressive step and start to go send people to treatment as opposed to incarceration, given the opportunities, options to incarceration. And I am just very proud. Thank you all.
>> thank you. Anybody else sm thank you all for coming down.
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Last Modified:
Wednesday, April 23, 2008 8:51 PM